This story may describe the most colossal coverup of a crime in detective fiction.

THE STORY 

In mid-winter Father Brown and Flambeau were in a forest climbing a hill to a church graveyard monument. The entombed hero was a soldier recumbent, worshipping, head pillowed on a gun. He wore the uniform of a modern war. On his right a sword with its tip broken off.  Father Brown is brooding. "Where does a wise man hide a pebble?" Flambeau: "On the beach." -- "Where does a wise man hide a leaf?"  --  In the forest." (144) Matchlight shows an inscription "Sacred to the memory of General Sir Arthur St. Clare, Hero and Martyr. ..."  [COMMENT: Uncharacteristically, at the beginning of this tale Father Brown is already trying to unravel a puzzle which seems to have occurred to no one but himself.]

The two begin a mile and a half walk to the next inn. General St Clare is memorialized throughout England, but especially here in his home county. Brown: he was in command against Brazil (146).  The popular belief is that  St Clare with an inferior force attacked uphill against Olivier and was captured after heroic resistance. Then St Clare was hanged by the Brazilians on the nearest tree. 

The story cannot be entirely true. For Olivier was famous for letting prisoners go. St Clare was a famous puritan. But scandals began lately to emerge against St Clare. The disgruntled family physician said the general was a  religious maniac. Captain Keith later married his General's daughter. In his memoir written when an LTC, Keith refused details about the hanging. Defended Olivier's conduct. A Colonel Clancy, shot before the battle was fully engaged, had said "and there goes the damned old donkey with the end of his sword knocked off. I wish it was his head." (150) A mere month ago a Brazlian official named Espado reminisced about the battle and also about a certain "Vulture" who seemed a shadowy double agent between the warring parties. Brown had come to know Espado towards his death. And seen the diary Espado had of a common soldier who had died at the battle.

Drawing on the diary, Brown tells Flambeau: from miles away,  from his superior force in the rear St Clare galloped up to the English lines. He then rode toward the front with Major Murray. Then galloped back alone. Murray, St Clare said, had ridden for help. The general ordered an immediate attack on the superior force of Brazilians. He half drew his sword from its scabbard and then thrust it back in before anyone could see it.  Brown: how explain that broken sword (153)? It broke before the battle and its broken point is in the body of Major Murray in Belfast.

Brown: (153) Where would a wise man hide a leaf? In the forest. "If there were no forest, he would make a forest. And if he wished to hide a dead leaf, he would make a dead forest."  "And if a man had to hide a dead body, he would make a field of dead bodies to hide it in."

From various sources and surmisals Brown had learned that St Clare had a horrible life style, was being blackmailed and in debt. He needed money for his daughter's dowry. So he sold out his country to Brazil. Not through the innocent Olivier but through the shadowy Espado, "the Vulture." Brown hypothesized that Major Murray had found out about this and wandered off alone with St Clare saying (154) that St Clare must either resign instantly or be court martialed and shot. Near the bridge at the tree line the general slew the major with his sabre. But it broke off. Great, however even in his evil (as Keith hinted in his memoirs), St Clare saw he could not let the broken sword be noticed. (155) "He would create a hill of corpses to cover this one." Within 20 minutes he was therefore marching 800 soldiers to their deaths. They crossed the bridge and then simply waited in a marsh till the Brazilians noticed them and opened fire from above. When enough were killed, the corpse of Major Murray (also near the bridge under the trees) would not be noticed. At least one British soldier then smelled a rat. probably Captain Keith, the future son in law. 

After the battle the victorious Olivier, following his practice, released all prisoners.  Brown: "I can't prove it but I can see it. (156)" The surviving 50 English soldiers surrounded the General, tried him and hanged him. They then took an oath to reveal none of this, to spare England shame. Brown: I was tempted to reveal all this. But I resolved to remain silent if the only fault in all this is that St Clare were wrongly praised. The two friends then enter the inn  "The Sign of the Broken Sword" to drink brandy. (157)

[COMMENT: A brilliant man's instant decision to kill and then brilliantly choosing a way to cover up the murder is also sketched in "The Oracle of the Dog."  There, however, it is explicitly linked to the nature of a gambler. Does General St Clare fit the gambler's profile?]

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09/05/2003
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Walking home on a cold morning after celebrating early Mass, Father Brown hears six gunshots and a sneeze coming from inside an ornate villa with handsome gardens (78). This was the house of Anglo-Indian Major Putnam. His Maltese cook was a parishioner of Father Brown. The priest headed for the front door (79). On the side of the house was a dustbin, nearly the size of a small shed. Major Putnam ran into Brown there. Both were investigating the noise. Putnam was in pajamas. The front door opened and out burst another pajama-clad man, haggard, Col. Cray of the Royal Artillery.

Cray had fired the shots and thought he hit something. (80) My target sneezed!

Inside, the dining room was set for a festive meal. Major Putnam found that all the silverware was missing. Stolen? Cray insisted that someone was out to get him in a persecution (81). An Indian secret society. In the garden Col Cray is searching for clues. Fr Brown examined the dustbin. Major Putnam returned fully dressed. Spoke with Marco the cook from Malta. “cookery was the Major’s hobby.” Col Cray remained in pajamas on knees on the ground, searching. Enter Audrey Watson, the Major’s ward and housekeeper. She is to go to a musical service with cousin, Dr Oliver Oman. Meanwhile, how do lunch without the missing dishes? 

Col Cray will leave for somewhere before she returns from church. The Major has prepared a farewell dejeuner.

Cray tells his history. He and Putnam were friends on the Afghan border, but Cray got his regiment much sooner than most men. We were on home leave. I became engaged to Audrey. We all three went back to India together (84). Strange things happened. My behavior made Putnam want to cancel my engagement to Audrey and she is wavering herself.

In an Indian city Putnam directed Cray to a small house to buy some cigars. Inside all was mysterious. Cray saw the tail of a monkey idol. Was told that he would be cursed. “A hair shall slay you like a sword, and a breath shall bite you like an adder; weapons shall come against you out of nowhere; and you shall die many times (85).” Putnam pooh-poohed all Cray’s fears and began to doubt Cray’s sanity from that time on.

Since then three things have happened:

--In an Indian village I felt a tickling like a hair on my throat. Next day’s mirror revealed a line of blood.

--Later in Port Said en route home together. At night I felt bitten as by the cold breath of an adder. I leapt into the garden.

--In Malta: from my castle window I saw a stick circling i the sky. It flew in my window and smashed my lamp. A war-club. From no human hand.

Brown: let’s see Major Putnam’s exotic curios. They met Dr Oman pouring over a book he found in the smoking-table. A dictionary of drugs. The collection of spears, etc. came from all over the world, per Dr Oman. Mexico. Australia. Oman and Audrey went off to church. But Dr Oman appeared worried and twice looked back at the house. (87) Was he looking at the dustbin, wondered Fr Brown.

Brown tarried against all hospitality rules. Declined to eat, said this was a fast day for him. Brown offered to mix a salad. Produced cruet stand items from his pockets! Dr Oman returned. Clay is stricken. Brown told him to drink mixture of mustard and water. (88) Major Putnam sprang up to go for police. Poisoning! A crime!

Brown to Cray: there is no curse on you. Temple of the Monkey was either coincidence or part of Putnam’s plot. Only one weapon will cut with a feathery touch: a razor held by a white man. In Port Said someone turned on the gas to affect your breathing. The weapon that came in your window was thrown from the next window: it could only have been a boomerang. Some are in the major’s study.

Audrey rushes in to comfort Cray. Major had probably been in love with her, too.

Oman says he grew suspicious when the poison book said a certain Indian poison could be reversed by the commonest emetics.  Remembering emetics in the cruet stand, the major had thrown them into the dustbin where Brown had found them. Also noted: a small hole in the pepper-pot. That is where Cray’s bullet struck, shaking up the pepper and making the criminal sneeze.

The Major was a long time looking for police. Or are police looking for him?

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Chesterton holds his four novellas (each about thrice the size of an average Father Brown tale) together through the device of a prologue. Each of the four faultless felons is presented as a membef of the Club of Men Misunderstood headed by the Count Raoul de Marillac. The latter is interviewed by Chicago newspaper reporter Asa Lee Pinion. The ostensible rake is really an ascetic saint who puts on gourmet dinners filled will all the foods he most detests. The other four have been accused of attempted murder, fraud, theft and treason. In the presence of the reporter, however, they burst into laughter at themselves. 

Lord Tallboys was named the new governor of Polybia, near Eastern Egypt, following the murder of his predecessor. He was called Top-Hat Tallboys. Before his arrival there had been unrest among the natives under the acting governor, his nephew in law, Sir Harry Smythe. Two of his nieces were in residence with Tallboys. The married one is Olive Smythe. The story focuses on the unmarried one Barbara Traill. (15) Also in residence with the sisters is their younger brother Tom, a boy. 

Barbara walked along a wall enclosing a compound full of residences of minor clerks and governor's staff. She met a very large man, a foreigner, a red fez-adorned German or a Jew. He wore a high-powered monocle (17). Later we learn that his name is Dr Paulus Gregory. He declaims against the crimes of empire. In the late governor's last raid the British shot a child. The only chance for peace is for England and the Governor to keep their promises to the Waba (18). She then encountered her sister Olive picking flowers. Odd. Because a house party is going on inside without its hostess. (19)

Both sisters worry about a curse or something similar on their family. For their young brotherTom seems slow-witted and unwilling conventionally to buckle dow to his studies with his tutor John Hume.

The Governor had a secretary named Arthur Meade, a very old man (23). At the party Reverend Ernest Snow engaged Barbara in conversation about various prophecies, including one of coming disaster. Young Tom makes a scene at the party. His tutor John Hume calmed him down. 

Next day the governor's  compromise proclamation is published and the governor is shot (26). Tom had told his tutor the evening before that he would like to kill his uncle because his nose sticks out (27). Hume's lodge is high up a hill. Full of teaching aids: diagrams and drawings. Barbara bursts in (29) to apologize for her nephew's behavior. Hume says Tom is growing up fine. They discuss her encounter with Dr Gregory, a rotter, womanizer, coward. Hume is a moderate. Never angry, never hating. If he had to murder people he would only half murder them. The deputy governor MAKES examples of natives. Rather the British should SET an example to them.

Barbara walked alone down the hill toward Government House. Was beset by Dr. Gregory. She hit him, ran back up hill to Hume who then thrashed Gregory. The couple began to feel for each other. Hume escorted her home to a crowded party. (34)

The following evening news came that the Governor had fallen by a shot from an unknown hand. He was only shot in the leg and already up and tottering around (35). Detective Chief Hayter is at hand. Deputy Governor Smythe has just now arrested Dr Paulus Gregory. Tutor Hume says that Gregory is a dangerous rotter, but did not shoot the governor (36). Gregory has an alibi--was miles away harranguing a group at the time of the shooting. He is also terribly near sighted. In the struggle, had lost his thick monocle.  Barbara Traill (38) fears her kid brother had done the shooting. She walks back toward John Hume's to discuss that possibility. They meet on the path. Sinners, he says, should generally be treated as children, spanked and sent to bed (40). The group including the detective calls on Rev. Snow. Snow is visibly startled, apparently the prophecy had not been realized, to find the Governor was not dead. The detective finds a gun in the Rev,'s garden. Closs to where the shot must have been fired. As the Reverend is about to be arrested, tutor Hume confesses to the shooting. Proves he is a crack shot. And it's his gun, to boot. This skill that he could have killed governor, had he chosen to. Explains his theory of "moderate murder." (47) A few days in bed will be good for the governor's  conscience.

Barbara got her uncle's permission to visit Hume and find out what really happened. She said, I care about you. Tell me what happened (52) John Hume: I did shoot your uncle! I was looking down from my balcony and saw that he was about to be shot as he walked, on schedule, in front of the new firing range just built by the Deput Governor. I ran down to warn him. But he was deaf. A few steps from death, I nicked him in the leg. "I shot a man to prevent his being shot." (54) I foiled a very well planned plot. I am against extremists. Not all extremists are revolutionary. Some are conservative, e.g. the deputy governor. [COMMENT: the moral thesis that doing the lesser evil to prevent a greater evil is an ethical view presented by GKC in FOUR FAULTLESS FELONS and elsewhere.]

Barbara (55) I have with me the Governor's order for your release. And my brother in law is resigning and going home for health reasons. John: Tallboys, no fool, has guessed! Barbara: he has guessed, too, that I love you. (55)

[COMMENT: watch the role of women in each of these four tales. They discern. They seek a man's moral goodness. Christian romance novels?]

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09/05/03

This is a story about a doctor who believes in man's evolution (which GKC emphatically did not). The doctor saves an eccentric poet who loves and owns and has built high walls around a very ugly tree from being arrested for murder by having him declared insane just before the arrest occurs. Then it turns out that the police's theory has had to change: it was not the poet who killed a man twenty plus  years earlier and hid his body in the roots of the tree. It was a young medical student who later co-certified with the offious younger doctor the poet's insanity. The victim, an evil money lender, had been killed by a blow with a scientific instrument delivered by a left-handed man. The doctor had discovered the body in the tree and sincerely believed in the hastily concocted theory that the poet wanted to revert to being a  monkey, training himself to paint  with both hands. The doctor's love for the poet's daughter played its role in this example of choosing evil in order to prevent a greater evil.

Some memorable lines:

--In the "Epilogue in the Garden" the poet tells his new friend the doctor, "You (scientific men) do not believe in the Garden of Eden. You do not believe in Adam and Eve. Above all, you do not believe in the Forbidden Tree."
...
"But I say to you, always have in your garden a Forbidden tree. Always have in your life something that you may not touch. That is the secret of being young and happy for ever. There never was a story so true as that story you call a fable. But you will evolve and explore and eat of the tree of knowledge, and what comes of it?" (p. 101)

In the final scene the doctor and his sweetheart ponder Adam Eve, the serpent and the Angel of the Flaming Sword. "God had made a new garden and they stood alive on the first foundations of the world.

The hero resembles not a Robin Hood (who robs from the rich and gives to the poor) but a Santa Claus who enters people's houses or pockets to give them presents. 

Nadoway's Nubs, " a superior sort of small biscuit" (107) is manufactured by the cut throat robber baron and Baptist SIR JACOB NADOWAY. He has three sons. Two went to university..John or Jack started bright then became a dull businessmen,his father's deputy. A younger son was Norman Nadoway who chucked up the chapel to become a high church Anglican priest. Norman then began to preach a pro-poor political economy. Sent by his father to calm Norman down, older brother Jack was instead converted to social activism. Together the two sons told their father that his old ways could no longer prevail at the Nadoway company. (110)

The old man's secretary was young Millicent Milton who lived in his house (along with an elderly aunt--for propriety's sake). One night she heard someone in the hall opening the safe. She speaks with the young thief who turns out to be the third Nadoway son, Alan. She is confused that he is so well educated in literature. For he is dark, shaggy and unshaven (115).The other Cadoway men enter. The father had sent Alan away at age 18 to Australia for giving his friend some money which Alan regarded as his own but which Sir Jacob thought belonged to the firm. Alan speaks: Dad, you and I are criminals. We are one. My brothers are ashamed of you. 

The then aunt woke with a scream and Alan bolted, leaving on Millicent's dressing table a silver chain and studded clasp. (119)

Alan is summoned to a family council to reform him. Just before it convenes, he jumps off a wall into the garden to tell Millicent about it all. (121) He had run into trouble in Australia and was wrecked at sea. He then became dependent on the good will of other poor men. They took it to be natural that he needed and asked for help to stay alive. (123) Only when I returned to England  was I "called a criminal for asking for sympathy." 

In family conference the men said that Alan had been leaving clues in houses of people they knew that he had obviously broken into and perhaps stolen something from. They persuade Alan to give up burglaring. But he vows to replace it with pickpocketing (127)  Millicent tells ALan she knows that his is lying. He is not the man to steal from the poor (128). What is the real story?

The family's private detective (employed for years to hush up the misdeeds of Sir Jacob) investigates alleged burglaries. Begins to believe Alan had commited no robberies, but enriched his "victims." Had, for example, left off cigars at now impoverished Lord Crayle's. Millicent discusses events with John Nadoway. Your brother's escapades seem discreditable. John: A Nadoway's picking pockets seems terrible. Millicent: "Through the worst one could imagine comes the best one could not imagine."  "You go through the worst to the best, as you go through the west to the east ... and there really is a place, at the back of the world, where the east and the west are one. Can't you feel there is something so frightfully and frantically good that it must seem bad?" ...A blaze in the sky makes a blot on the eyesight. And after all ...  the sun was blotted out because one man was too good to live." (135)

Alan is caught by the police for pickpocketing and after much publicity about the black sheep of the Nadoways is brought to trial. He wins the right to defend himself. There should have been three witnesses to the pickpocketing. But the first ran away. And the other two "victims" are not sure whether they had more or less money after the event. One even treated his friends to a round of drinks. Alan calls the two witnesses' wives. They are sure their husbands came home with more money than thay had given them that morning. (142) As his own witness, Alan Nadoway conceded he had put his hand in the men's pocket -- but only to give them money. The judge directed to jury to acquit. They did. (143)

Millicent asks Alan to explain what happened. Once, in exile, when he thought he was drowning, at the top of a wave, he had a vision of his father drinking his directors' health in champagne, but drinking only water himself. This gave me religion (148).How deliver my evil parent from hell? My brothers are whitewashing the whited sepulchre of Calloway and Son. That is all that social reform does. I told God I would do penance for my father. Religion, I saw "is expiation, sacrifce, suffering. Somebody must be terribly good, to balance what was so bad. Somebody must be needlessly good, to weigh down the scales of that judgment. He was cruel and got credit for it. Somebody else must be kind and get no credit for it. Don't you understand?" (149) [COMMENT: was it a daughter of King Louis XV who entered a severe convent to do lifelong penance for the sins of her royal father?]

The poor, he said, are always in trouble, watched by the police. "I told you how it riles me that they aren't even allowed to beg, and that's why I started giving them alms before they started begging." I saw that poor relief needs organization via monasteries and religion. (150) They couple falls more deeply in love. 

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09/05/2003)

In the kingdom of Pavonia all is not well. A mysterious movement called "the Word" is threatening to topple the king. Princess Aurelia (Mary) is the king's niece, just finished school (155). In her car she drives through a peaceful neighborhood sees a young poet with dark red hair. When she comes back, he (Sebastian) is whipping up a crowd through preaching the Word. The crowd shows her respect. Sebastian says it is hard for ugliness to rise against beauty. "And we are an ugly lot." (157) The princess was in a  rage.

King Clovis III was a mild constitutional ruler, advised by his prime minister Valence, the very military Chief of Police named Grimm and a banker, Isidor SImon. (160) The great Professor Phocus (whom none of them knew personally) had just swung his international reputation behind the Word. The Chief of Police said that the local pawnbroker (Loeb or Lobb) was organizing secret meetings with the plotters. The King: I thought Lobb was dead. [COMMENT: Remember this clue!]

No one sees Phocus or Sebastian in any regular setting. The plotters meet in Peacock Crescent (163). The Chief and the Banker stake out the pawn broker's house to caputre four plotters. People keep entering the house. One was General Casc, the foreign dictator--who had promised to retire from politics entirely. (166)

The officials raid the house. Find only a servant. No one else is there, though they had obviously just bolted. No way they could have escaped the police cordon. But new placards say that the end of government is near. 

Princess Mary practically takes command. Insists on going to jail to interview the servant who will not betray his four masters. (173)  She demands to know why he is not loyal to the king. "The men were always good to me." Even if I was a stray dog, they took care of me. That is more than Pavonia ever did. She: betray this horrible plot. Do it for me. No! She recognizes that the servant John Conrad is really the poet Sebastian. They fall in love.

But hours later the word was in:  he John Conrad will talk. His terms: 10,000/year, title of Grand Duke and influence in government, especially to help the poor. That is only fair for the man whom the king's niece will marry. (187) He takes the police chief to a house near the conspirator's. Shows an underground passage and then proves that he alone played the role of each of the conspirators. The Word is ONE. Sebastian/John displays all his disguises.

The king kept his promise to the Grand Duke of Pavonia. Some worried: promise keeping would now become a habit of government!  But Princess Mary had done much to change the king her uncle. (199)

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After the Quack, Murderer, Thief and Traitor had told their tales to newspaperman Pinion, he said that he was always polite but had the reputation of being rude and tenacious. Readers did not demand this but editors did. At tale's end he is nominated to be a member of the Club of Misunderstood Men.

Please take out the bibliography I gave you a couple of weeks back. Let me speak briefly about some of the works you may want to look into next to go beyond this introductory course, which, after all, focused only on DETECTIVE FICTION
 

Remember this WEB SITE FOR MOST TEXTS: 

http://www.dur.ac.uk/martin.ward/gkc/books

                 --AUTOBIOGRAPHY.  1936. 2001. 

                 --BALLAD OF THE WHITE HORSE, THE. 1911. 1928 (Illustrated). San Francisco. Ignatius Press. 1993

                 --CHARLES DICKENS. 1906. 1975.  [GKC ALMOST SINGLE-HANDEDLY REVIVED THE LITERARY STUDY  OF DICKENS.] 

                 --COLLECTED POEMS OF GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, THE.   2nd edition. November 1927 

                    --EVERLASTING MAN, THE. 1925.  1993. [THE WORLD BEFORE AND AFTER THE INCARNATION OF THE WORD AS JESUS.]

                 --FOUR FAULTLESS FELONS. London. Cassell and Company. 1930.                  Dover Publications. 1989.

                 --FLYING INN, THE. 1914.  Dover Publications. 2001.  [TWO SCOTSMAN CONTEND OVER RELIGION AND ATHEISM.]

                 --GEORGE BERNARD SHAW.  1910. 1969. 

                 --HERETICS/ORTHODOXY. 1905/1908. 2000. [THE TWO BOOKS AT THE CORE OF GKC’S RELIGIOUS THINKING.]

                 --MAN WHO WAS THURSDAY, THE: A Nightmare. 1908. 1986. 

                 --NAPOLEON OF NOTTING HILL, THE.  1904. 1946. [ONE OF THE FUNNIEST, MOST IRONIC POLITICAL NOVELS EVER WRITTEN.]

                 --ORTHODOXY. San Francisco. Ignatius Press. 1908. Reprinted 1995. 

                 --PARADOXES OF MR. POND, THE. 1936.  Dover reprint. 1990. . 

                 --SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS: "THE DUMB OX."  1933. 1956. 

                 --THIRTEEN DETECTIVES: CLASSIC MYSTERY STORIES BY THE CREATOR OF FATHER BROWN.  1987. 

                                                         AUDIO TAPES

                 --MAN WHO WAS THURSDAY, THE. The Mercury Theatre on the Air Presents. 

                 --VOICE OF G. K. CHESTERTON, THE.  Two BBC Broadcasts and After-Dinner Speech. 

                                                         VIDEO TAPES

                 --G. K. CHESTERTON: APOSTLE OF COMMON SENSE.  Fort Collins, Colorado Ignatius Press. 2001.
                 [NOTE: 14 part television series for Eternal Word Network. each segment is 25 minutes long. Dale Ahlquist, President of the American Chesterton Society, hosts and actor Chuck Chalberg appears as Chesterton.] 
 

                                            II. BIOGRAPHIES of GK CHESTERTON
 

                 --COREN, Michael. GILBERT: MAN WHO WAS GK CHESTERTON, THE. 1989. 1990. 

                 --WARD, Maisie.  GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON. 1943  [A LOVING TREATMENT BY A CLOSE FRIEND OF THE CHESTERTONS.]

                 --WILLS, Garry. CHESTERTON. 1961. Image Book.  New Edition 2001. 

Titles selected from books in my possession 11/10/2003 
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Our six weeks together have ended. We have discussed the essence of detective stories: a puzzle to be unraveled rationally. We have seen how differing individuals such as Poe, Doyle, Chesterton, Christie, Sayres etc. can fill their “pizza pie crust” with different toppings -- politics, romance, religion, philosophy, history, adventure and on and on.

Chesterton’s topping is to look beyond this world to the other side of the tapestry, not to confuse the back side of people with their face and to see that one way to good behavior is through bad behavior, both the really bad and the only ostensibly bad.

Normally, I announce at this time the course I will teach next year. I have still not ruled out a course on Hillaire Belloc, Chesterton’s great friend. For one thing this would give a basis for discussing Belloc’s 1922 THE JEWS (and its 1937 third edition) and use it as a springboard for probing today’s anti-semitism and its kin. But at the moment I incline to giving myself a sabbatical.

In any event I hope in the coming months to go back to older studies on the United Nations and the League of Nations and put updated versions of them on my web site at http://www.patrickkillough.com.

Adieu and God Speed!
 

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Patrick Killough 11/10/2003
 
 
 

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