Barbara Weiss in THE HELL OF THE ENGLISH: BANKRUPTCY AND THE VICTORIAN NOVEL (Cranbury, NJ, Associated University Presses, 1986) fleshes out Turner by detailing the universally dreaded social consequences of the prevailing law of unlimited liability in partnerships such as John Newman's in his bank. After reading Turner and this source, one also understands why lack of money made Henry Manning give up a planned career in Parliament for the Church. John Henry Newman, too, was a man of his age. He made efforts even into old age to preserve his father's memory as an honorable man, not an easy thing to do for an 1822 bankruptcy.

The speculative side of the Turner method is applied with a certain restraint to the motif of bankruptcy/business failure. Thus at age 15 1/2 Newman experienced his family's comfortable home as vanishing (NEWMAN, p. 111). He turned to Reverend Walter Myers as a strong mentor to replace his faltering father (ibid.). "Newman may have blamed his awakening sexuality for his family's recent misfortunes" (p. 113). Tract One's1833 call to alarm against a government no longer able to protect the church by law established was a projection "onto the collective body of the English clergy" of recollections of his family's 1821 bankruptcy. Both family and church first rose under protection of the law, only later to be abandoned by the law (p. 170). What the state gave, the state could also take away.

Professor Turner even more forcefully points out the purely earthly attraction of evangelical religion for the rising English middle class as "a national of shopkeepers." See passim the section in NEWMAN ch. 1, "Evangelicalism and the Commercial Spirit" (56-64). Evangelicals helped create a free market in religion (p. 56). It was like the smugglers pushing against Spanish domination of trade with Latin America. Evangelical religion was lay religion aimed at lay satisfactions (p. 56). Evangelicals, including Young Newman's beloved Thomas Scott, drew heavily on metaphors of trade, bargaining and the making and keeping of bargains and deals (p.57f). They preached honesty and fairness(p. 59).

Paternal loss of wealth were career determing for Newman, Manning and Dickens. This field is already much researched.